Kaiser Permanente is an integrated non-profit managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield. Kaiser serves 8.9 million members in 9 states and the District of Columbia, and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. Kaiser Permanente has over 167,300 employees, 14,600 physicians, 35 medical centers, and 431 medical offices.